Members of the Agora
The Philosophers
Antiquity
Socrates
470–399 BC · Classical Athenian philosophy
The gadfly of Athens
Plato
428–348 BC · The Academy
The philosopher of the Forms
Aristotle
384–322 BC · The Lyceum (Peripatetics)
The master of those who know
Epicurus
341–270 BC · The Garden (Epicureanism)
The physician of the soul
Marcus Aurelius
121–180 AD · Stoicism
The philosopher emperor
Modern era
Niccolò Machiavelli
1469–1527 · Renaissance political realism
The Florentine secretary
René Descartes
1596–1650 · Rationalism
The father of modern philosophy
Baruch Spinoza
1632–1677 · Rationalism / Pantheism
The philosopher of the one substance
Immanuel Kant
1724–1804 · Transcendental idealism
The sage of Königsberg
G. W. F. Hegel
1770–1831 · Absolute idealism
The philosopher of Spirit
Arthur Schopenhauer
1788–1860 · Metaphysical pessimism
The philosopher of the Will
Søren Kierkegaard
1813–1855 · Christian existentialism
The single individual before God
Karl Marx
1818–1883 · Historical materialism
The critic of capital
Friedrich Nietzsche
1844–1900 · Philosophy of suspicion
The philosopher with a hammer
Contemporary era
Sigmund Freud
1856–1939 · Psychoanalysis
The explorer of the unconscious
Martin Heidegger
1889–1976 · Phenomenology / Ontology
The thinker of Being
Jean-Paul Sartre
1905–1980 · Existentialism
The philosopher of freedom
Simone de Beauvoir
1908–1986 · Existentialism / Feminism
The philosopher of ambiguity
Hannah Arendt
1906–1975 · Political thought
The thinker of plurality
Ludwig Wittgenstein
1889–1951 · Analytic philosophy / Philosophy of language
The philosopher of language